All Change Here For Hypo-Central

•June 30, 2009 • Comments Off

The students have left for the summer, the exam boards have finished and I’m slowly working through my much postponed to do list and preparing for a presentation I have to give on Friday.

On the blog front, I have decided to get my own web domain and migrate the blog over to there.

So, if you are a regular reader, or even just wondering where the blog has gone it is now over at hypocentral.com/blog and although I’ll keep the archive of old posts here, all the new posts will appear over on the new site. Please visit to grab the RSS feed for your feed reader.

Be aware that it is still very much in transition and templates and layout are very fluid at the moment. I’ll have to re-do things like the blogroll (which was very much in need of updating anyway) and sort out the widgets. Who knows, I might even get into learning cascading style sheets over the summer.

Hopefully on the new blog I’ll be able to do things like embed some of the gigapans that I have shot and be able to incorporate a richer content that I couldn’t do before.

I’ve also been having a bizarre problem that I can’t login to my wordpress.com dashboard via firefox from home yet it connects on this laptop when at work. The dashboard loads fine using google chrome from home (via which I’m posting now) and the dashboard also works at home with firefox on the wordpress.org dashboard on the new blog. I’ve tried clearing cookies and the cache and nothing seems to get it to work – it just hangs with a blank screen. The same thing happens with the new firefox 3.5 as it did with 3.1

Anyway, you are very much welcome over at hypocentral.com/blog – I look forward to seeing you there.

Accretionary Wedge #18: Inspired

•June 27, 2009 • 3 Comments

Volcanista is hosting July’s Accretionary Wedge on what inspired one to become a geologist. For me, the reason is simple, if somewhat convoluted. I became a geologist because I can’t sing.

Back when I was in high school, my school, a ‘bog-standard’ comprehensive, reckoned it had a really good school choir. It didn’t, of course, but the important part to this story is that it thought it had. One day, the whole of my year were lined up in the school’s assembly hall and told to sing hymns. Teachers walked up and down the rows of us pupils listening to the ‘singing’. If they thought you had a modicum of singling ability they would tap you on the shoulder and you were in the choir – no arguments. As anyone who knows me well will testify, I can’t sing for toffee. My better half (who can sing very well) bans me from even trying to sing along to the radio in the car. It was no surprise then, that my shoulder remained untapped, I was barred from the school choir, and the rest, as they say, is history.

Those of us who were choristercally challenged then had to be given things to keep us occupied during the two-hour a week choir practice sessions. We were given a variety of things in six week blocks, I can remember model making, drama, and gaming – and then there was an introduction to rocks and geology. I found it moderately interesting, but I can’t say I was blown away by it at the time.

Later on, I reached the point at which I had to choose the subjects I studied for GCE ‘O-level’. Some choices were straight forward, e.g. Maths, English, Physics, Chemistry, Geography. I didn’t like biology, I was squeamish about dissections, so I didn’t choose that. For languages I chose French and German, the latter being a big regret and in hindsight I should have done Spanish as it would have been much more useful to me.

There was then one subject I had left to choose from a list of less common subjects. The one I wanted to do was Technical Drawing. This was largely because my father was an engineering draughtsman. When I handed my selection form in, my teacher told me that I should probably choose something else as, as well as being useless at singing, I was rubbish at art. While this is true I do think that technical drawing is a different skill and I like to think that I was/am reasonably good at it. It certainly helped later on with geological map making as an undergraduate and producing diagrams for my Ph.D. thesis in the pre-Corel Draw days. Anyway, I took my teacher’s advice and looked for another topic. Geology was on the list, and having done a bit of it instead of choir practice, I chose to do that.

I got on reasonably well with geology. I had my first geology field course to the Isle of Wight. However, it was combined with geography and I’m still mentally scarred from having to do Human Geography questionnaires.

Whilst geology ‘O-level’ was interesting, my main interest at this stage was Physics. After high school I went to my home-town’s sixth-form college and again was faced with choosing subjects to study, this time for GCE ‘A-level’. Again, a couple of subjects were straight forward choices – Maths and Physics. The big dilemma was between Chemistry and Geology. I had probably enjoyed chemistry as much as geology at O-level. My chemistry teacher was a pyromaniac and most lessons seemed to involve explosions. Whilst this had been fun for a teenage lad, I didn’t feel I’d actually learned that much and I was starting to struggle a bit with some of it. So, after much heart searching, I chose Geology, and it was one of the best decisions that I have ever made.

At sixth-form induction I was asked if I wanted to do four A-levels. Great, I thought, I can do both geology and chemistry. Unfortunately, what they had in mind was to do two Maths A-levels. So I ended up doing Pure Maths, Applied Maths, Physics and Geology. In Maths, it was the hardest I have ever worked. I was studying with some seriously bright people and it was really hard to keep up. Physics was hugely enjoyable and if it wasn’t for geology I would have probably become a physicist.

However, geology was truly inspirational. This was due to two reasons. First and foremost, was that we had a superb and inspiring teacher in Fran Stratton who really brought the subject alive. She even put on additional classes for some of us so we could take the more advanced ‘S-level’ as well A-level. Second, was the group of my fellow students. We were only a small cohort of nine students (three of us called Ian) and we got on very well. We were allowed to hang out in the geology laboratory at lunch times. We honed our rock identification skills by selecting a sample from the drawers at random, tossing them across the room to colleague (including an asbestos sample I remember) and asking them to identify it. I also spent many hours in the school’s geological map library, learning to read them and draw cross sections. Geological maps still fascinate me today. I had my first proper field course – to Derbyshire which also included my first (underage) pint of beer. I was hooked (on both).

So, my allegiances switched from physics to geology. When choosing a degree course to study I went for geology, but a course where I could specialise in geophysics, bringing the two threads together. Although I now teach geophysics at university, I still regard myself much more of a geologist than a physicist.

And all because I can’t sing.

Accretionary Wedge #17: Let’s Do The Time-Warp

•June 13, 2009 • 4 Comments

Lockwood over at Outside The Interzone is successfully ensuring that the Acccretionary Wedge is rising phoenix-like from the ashes. The mission for this month is … “Where and when would you most like to visit to witness and analyse an event in Earth’s history?”.

I suppose that like most geologists I’d like to visit the K/Pg boundary to see if it was the volcanoes or the asteroid/comet ‘wot dun it’ but leaving aside the obvious I’d like to travel back to the Lower Cambrian to answer the question – “Why is this rock red?”

Caerfai Bay Shales

These are the Caerfai Bay Shales, from their type locality in Caerfai (pronounced care-vahy) Bay, Pembrokeshire, South Wales. The Lower Cambrian was actually known as the Caerfai until International Commission on Stratigraphy got their grubby hands on it. These siltstones and mudstones are marine, they contain bioturbation and the very occasional ostracode Indiana lentiformis fossils. So why are they red? This colour is characteristic of haematite, with oxidised iron, typical of oxidising terrestrial environments. Marine silts tend to have reduced iron and are greenish coloured.

The story I was spun twenty years ago was that the haematite was detrital, from the erosion of lateritic soils. The major problem with this is that Wales in the Lower Cambrian was at a latitude about 70°S, well out of the tropical weathering zones.

More recent work would indicate that the haematite is of biogenic origin but this in turn means that something very strange is happening to the ocean water chemistry at the time. Not only must the sea water become very iron rich but we are also at the time when there is a major change from high magnesium concentrations to low magnesium. Prior to this was an ‘Aragonite Sea’ with the primary organic carbonate precipitates being aragonite and high-magnesium calcite, subsequently it is a ‘Calcite Sea’ of low-magnesium calcite.

So, we have a major change in sea water chemistry. We also have the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ occurring at precisely that same time. Up to this point in the Cambrian we have the ‘small shelly fauna’ but it is now that the triboltes and echinoderms kick in. This surely cannot be a coincidence.

So I’d like to take my time machine back to the Lower Cambrian to find out just what is causing the chemistries of our oceans to change as it may well have had a very significant influence on life on Earth.

The Price of Gold

•June 7, 2009 • 1 Comment

The price of gold (green) against copper (red) over the last two years from Infomine.com.

I’ve always been intrigued by gold as metal. It’s not much use for industry except that due to it not tarnishing or corroding it is used in electrical contacts. Apart from that, a minor use as a lubricant on space missions and gold fillings, that’s about it. Unlike a genuinely useful metal like copper, its main ‘uses’ are bullion and shiny things. So as the world goes into recession and demand for useful metals plummets so does their price. Unlike gold. Gold price is currently governed by the weakness of the dollar due to quantitative easing (printing money to the likes of you and me). Although, whisper it quietly, we might be seeing the first green shoots of recovery in the price of copper, gold is now touching $1000/oz and some analysis think that it could rise to $1400 once the psychological barrier is breached.

But this rise in the price of gold has lead to some tragic consequences in South Africa because the returns have made illegal gold mining much more lucrative. 76 illegal miners were killed this week in the Eland Shaft in South Africa’s Free State. The owners, Harmony Gold, have brought 294 illegal miners to the surface. The fatalities are believed to have been caused by poisonous fumes from an underground fire they are believed to have started themselves which blazed for days.

Harmony states that it has suspended 77 employees and 45 contractors since January for assisting illegal miners, most either for allowing them access to the mines or buy providing supplies. Some of the illegal miners are believed to spend many months underground at a time.

So the next time you want to buy something shiny you might want to consider the real price of gold.

Full coverage from Mineweb.com here, here, here and here

P.S. does anyone else find Mineweb’s strapline oxymoronic – “Uncompromising Independence … in association with InfoMine”.

P.P.S. Looks like it is a bad week for miners – Dave Petley is reporting on his Landslide Blog that 27 iron ore miners are trapped underground in China with a massive rockfall covering the two mine entrances. Getting them out doesn’t look like it is going to be easy.

Honduras Earthquake 25/05/2009 M7.1 recorded at Keele

•May 28, 2009 • 8 Comments

Honduras Earthquake at Keele

Honduras Earthquake Details

Honduras earthquake recorded at Keele. [Data gap due to one of my kak-handed colleagues in our geophysics store room]

Part of the Seismometers for Schools Project

Hiatus

•May 14, 2009 • Comments Off

Apologies for the blogging hiatus due to marking and other administrative work. In the meantime here are some pictures of the English spring time…

Ashridge Herts Spring

Ashridge Herts Spring 2

MIS:TIQUE – The Preview

•May 6, 2009 • 1 Comment

Triassic wadi margin

I bring you a preview of my latest project – MIS:TIQUE – Mobility Impaired Students : Teaching In Quite Unsuitable Environments. Universities in the UK quite rightly have been improving teaching and learning for students with disabilities. Most of the work has concentrated on topics like dyslexia and learning disabilities but little work has been done for mobility impaired students beyond installing ramps and lifts. The building I work in now has expensive lifts to all parts except the one corridor that can’t be reached on the flat. However, geology has an almost unique issue for mobility impaired students, fieldwork.

I have noticed a dramatic increase in mobility impaired students over the last ten years. When I took my geology degree over twenty-five years ago geology was considered to be (although not exclusively) something of a ‘macho’ subject. Most of us who took the subject were ‘outdoor’ types into walking, climbing, caving, etc. and most of us wanted to be vocational geologists. Today it is a very different landscape. Geology is no longer (I hope) a macho subject. Indeed, now the majority of our students are female (Note that I’m not saying that females are immobile in the field, just that the type of geology graduate has changed dramatically). Students chose geology as they would any other degree subject and many are unused to the great outdoors. Students with disabilities are rightly encouraged in taking degrees (which is good), I encounter more students with asthma who have problems walking in hilly terrains (which is unfortunate), and more students are simply unfit and/or obese (which is not good).

For other subjects, such as geography for example, I would argue that it is easier to reorganise a field course to suit disability impaired students. However, in geology where the important exposures are typically at the far end of a rocky beach, on the end of a peninsula or up a mountain it is extremely difficult to run a field course without degrading the experience for the vast majority of able-bodied students and/or incurring great additional costs.

Under the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDA) we are required to ‘make reasonable adjustment’ or provide an ‘equivalent educational experience’. What this might be is a moot point if ever there was one. There are many who would argue (myself included) that geological field work is integral to a geology degree, it being the part where we can bring together all the threads of geology and start to make the subject make sense to the student.

One potential solution is for the mobility impaired student to guide a person with a video camera over a two-way connection to examine the particular features. In the places we visit this would almost certainly necessitate satellite communication and would be prohibitively expensive and a logistic nightmare.

The way we teach students to undertake field geology is first to stand back from the outcrop and (after making a hazard assessment) try to work out what is going on. From their initial observations they can erect some hypothesis regarding what might be going on and devise some ways in which they might be tested. They then move in to the exposure, make some detailed observations around the outcrop, and test the hypotheses they have come up with. They then move back to the initial point for a revised overview based on the detailed observations they have made, returning to the exposure if necessary.

The idea of the MIS:TIQUE project is to try to mimic this process using gigapan technology and back this up with other web based learning materials. Using gigapan, we can start with an overview, move in for detail, pan around the exposure and then zoom back out for the revised overview.

As I run a first year geology field course to Pembrokeshire in South Wales I have been back there last week with a few of my geology colleagues to shoot some gigapans and devise some virtual field exercises which, whilst can in no way replace the field experience of able-bodied students, might at least go some way towards reasonable adjustment for the mobility impaired.

As a taster, we stopped off on the way to Pembrokeshire to visit Ogmore-by-Sea, near Bridgend in South Wales to look at the Lower Carboniferous Limestone which is cut by Triassic Wadis in-filled with limestone breccias. A close-up picture of the wadi margin is shown above and the gigapan can be seen here (wordpress.com doesn’t seem to allow gigapan embedding).

Central Italy Earthquake April 6, 2009

•April 15, 2009 • 1 Comment

Still catching up on work after last week’s field course – typical, go away for a week and there is a large European earthquake. Anyway, here is the seismogram of last week’s Italian Earthquake recorded at Keele University …

Central Italy Earthquake recorded at Keele University

The Winking Man

•April 13, 2009 • Comments Off

After being away in the field for the past week I’m just catching up on things (over a thousand blog posts in my google reader feed for starters). I went for a walk yesterday in the Staffordshire part of the Peak District. This is the “Winking Man” on Ramshaw Rocks near the Roaches. It is so called because as one passes along the A53 from Buxton to Leek the view of the sky though the ‘eye’ gets briefly obscured by the ridge giving the illusion of a wink. Geologically, it is a Marsdenian (Bashkirian, Carboniferous) gritstone.

The Winking Man

Also, here is a tree growing in a rock cleft on Hen Cloud.

Tree - rock

Cannock Chase Geotrail

•April 3, 2009 • Comments Off

The Cannock Chase Geotrail which I’ve mentioned before here, here, here, and here has finally gone to print. With thanks to the Staffordshire Aggregates Levy Fund 70,000 copies will be available free from tourist information outlets around the county and is downloadable from the Staffordshire RIGS website.
cannock chase geotrail map
cannock chase geotrail section

It has been great fun doing it but I don’t want to see another ‘Bunter’ pebble in a long time thank you very much!
'Bunter' pebble
Pebble from Lower Triassic Kidderminster Formation showing pressure solution pits.

P.S. after committing to a 70,000 print run, if you find any errors I don’t want to know.

 
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